贸易争端背景下特朗普政府农业贸易补贴政策研究

美国长期实行农业补贴政策,其中农作物保险、农业风险补贴和价格损失补贴是补贴的主要形式。特朗普政府上台以后,美国同中国等一些国家发生贸易争端,美国农业出口面临关税报复和贸易壁垒的困境。为保持农业稳定发展,特朗普政府在原有农业补贴形式的基础之上新增了农业贸易援助计划,该计划主要包括市场促进项目、食品采购和分配项目、农业贸易促进项目。这些援助计划在稳定农业生产的同时,也扭曲了市场。美国在2019年度的农业补贴可能会超过其对世贸组织承诺的"黄箱"补贴上限,从而导致违反世贸组织规则。如美国长期执行该政策,我国应采取对美施压措施。     

基于PSR模型的北京市西北生态涵养区生态健康评价研究

研究目的:作为保障首都生态环境质量与可持续发展的关键区域,北京市西北生态涵养区的生态健康程度反映了生态文明战略部署下首都高质量发展的综合成效。本文通过构建北京市西北生态涵养区健康评价指标体系,评价该区域的生态健康程度,为生态涵养区的可持续发展提供对策建议。研究方法:PSR模型、层次分析法(AHP)。研究结果:(1)基于PSR模型构建的生态健康评价指标体系包括压力、状态和响应系统3个准则层和10个评价指标,涵盖涵养区自然生态和人类活动影响;(2)研究区4个时段的健康指数分别为0.673、0.664、0.650、0.687,生态健康等级为一般。研究结论:北京市西北涵养区生态健康状况较为稳定,在保持西北涵养区建设现有成果的基础上,需要加大生态建设的力度,进一步提高生态健康水平。     

亚当·斯密农业发展思想研究

经济学之父亚当·斯密的传世名著《国富论》包含了非常丰富的经济发展思想,在《国富论》中,亚当·斯密重点对制造业、商业等城市经济进行阐述的同时,对农村、农业的发展也提出了自己的见解。虽然这些见解零散地分布在《国富论》的各篇章中,且距今已有二百余年,但是这些看似零碎的见解却包含着博大精深的农业发展思想,对现今我国的农村、农业发展仍然有着很强的指导和借鉴意义。     

生物质能源可利用潜力评价*——以黑龙江省重点国有林区为例

[目的]生物质能源具有污染少、可再生等特点,合理地对其开发利用是黑龙江省重点国有林区经济转型发展的一种探索。通过对黑龙江省重点国有林区生物质能源资源量的计算,明确了生物质能源的可利用潜力及变化趋势,以期为其产业发展的政策制定提供理论参考。[方法]文章利用自下而上估算法,以林木生物质的资源量和农作物秸秆的产量为原始数据,对2005—2015年黑龙江省重点国有林区生物质能源可利用潜力进行评价。[结果](1)研究期间,黑龙江省重点国有林区林木生物质资源可利用潜力小幅下降,农作物秸秆资源可利用潜力稳步上升。(2)林木生物质资源中,商品林采伐剩余物可利用潜力骤降,森林抚育剩余物可利用潜力增加;农作物秸秆资源中,粮食作物秸秆可利用潜力逐年上升。(3)黑龙江省重点国有林区生物质能源可利用潜力随着国家"天保工程"和"重点国有林区全面禁止天然林商业性采伐"政策的实施而发生变化。[结论]黑龙江省重点国有林区生物质能源丰富,可利用潜力较大,其中农作物秸秆资源可利用潜力增速较快。     

云南省农业科技创新资源配置效率及影响因素研究

[目的]为及时了解云南省农业科技创新的最新动态,充分合理地开发云南省农业科技资源,文章对2002—2016年云南省的农业科技创新资源配置进行研究。[方法]首先分析各个单项指标15年内的变化趋势,分析其对资源配置的影响和作用。再运用DEA模型分析法,将2002—2016年的每个年份作为一个决策单元进行处理,对云南省农业科技创新资源配置效率进行分析。[结果] 2002—2016年云南省农业科技创新资源配置的综合效率为0. 984,并且呈现出不稳定的波动,在2004和2009—2012年出现了配置效率降低的情况。总体来看,资源配置的综合效率大体上是接近于1的水平。处于DEA有效的年份为2002—2003年,2005—2008及2013—2016,属于规模报酬不变的阶段; 2004年属于弱DEA有效阶段,规模报酬则处于上升阶段;处于非DEA有效的有2004年、2009—2012年。[结论]云南省农业科技创新资源的配置效率整体水平处于较高的状态,综合效率值总体上接近于1。有个别年份出现了较小范围的波动,可能与总播种面积的变化有关。综合来看,云南省农业科技创新资源在技术投入、人力资源和农业资金投入逐年的增加,使资源配置效率能够保持在较高的水平,并在出现下降后迅速恢复。     

农产品直播效果影响因素分析

随着互联网技术、网络技术等与农产品深度融合,新一轮农产品销售模式孕育兴起.农产品直播销售为各行业带来巨大的商机,农产品直播已经成了农民的"新农具",各大直播平台都开展了各种直播活动.在前人研究的基础上,结合直播实践,通过因子分析法分析农产品直播效果的影响因素,以期改善农产品直播效果,促进农产品销售.     

互联网视角下供应链金融的新发展

在这个网络社会愈发深化的时代,通过互联网科技完善和发展线上供应链金融成为必要的发展方向。本文首先梳理了传统供应链金融的基本模式,发现了其存在的不足;然后重点介绍了当前三种主要的线上供应链金融模式,总结了线上供应链金融的优势;最后,提出相关政策建议,认为金融机构应该不断升级线上供应链金融产品,逐步完善供应链金融线上操作系统,监管机构需要出台更加严格的监管规则对线上供应链金融进行有效监管。     

Economic impacts of smallholder farmers’ adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties

Drought and high temperatures are major threats to sustainable food production and consequently the livelihoods of the majority of Africans who depend on fragile agricultural systems. As a response to these threats, climate-smart agricultural technologies, such as drought-tolerant maize (DTM) varieties, have been developed and promoted on the continent. It is well-known that the adoption of improved technologies generally impacts positively on the wellbeing of adopters. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the impact of any technology or intervention is always an empirical question. Therefore, this study sought to determine the factors that influence the adoption of DTM and subsequently estimate how yield, commercialization intensity, and farm income are affected by adoption. To establish causation, we relied on observations from 200 farm households in the Northern Region of Ghana and estimated an instrumental variable regression. Consistent with findings reported in the literature, we found that DTM adoption is primarily driven by access to seed, extension service, labor availability, and location of farm households. In addition, we found that DTM adoption positively impacts on yield and commercialization intensity. The magnitude of impact is not trivial. For example, the yield of farm households increased by more than 150% (936 kg/ha) following DTM adoption. These results imply that policy-makers and development practitioners must support research and promotion of climate-smart agriculture to improve adoption and welfare indicators, such as yield and commercialization.     

Land use regulation and urban land value: Evidence from China

Land use regulation has always been regarded as one of the most crucial means of macro-control of urban growth, which can affect a city’s land values directly and further determine related urban economic well-being. Since the New Type Urbanization Strategy proposed by the government in 2014, China’s mode of urban growth has been transformed from addressing “quantity” to “quality" in the urbanization process. In this case, the regulation of land use by the Chinese government plays a more important role in urban growth. With their planned land regulatory scheme, the various instruments employed by Chinese governments have quite different mechanisms influencing land prices. However, there are no rigorous studies focusing on the land use regulation system and its impact on land values to date, particular in China. This study seeks to explore how land use regulation affects urban land values through the systematic lens. We summarize the main land use regulatory instruments based on the analysis of China’s planned land use system and urban land banking system, including the construction land quota, constraints on the allowed floor area ratio (FAR) of each land transaction parcel, and land supply restrictions. A new dataset based on land transaction data from 2007 to 2016 that covers 286 prefectural cities from the country’s coastal, central, and western regions is used in the empirical analysis. The results show that the effects of the floor area ratio (FAR) on land values are significant and positive, with the residential and commercial land supply ratio being a key factor. Moreover, the results imply that the effects of constraints on FAR and commercial land supply vary between regions. These findings indicate that the Chinese land market is considerably distorted by excessive administrative interventions by local governments, in the stage of urban transition guided, the capable regulatory instruments could play an important role in adjusting urban land prices and hence impact on urban growth.     

Labor migration and the decoupling of the crop-livestock system in a rural mountainous area: Evidence from Chongqing,China

Massive out-migration of rural labor force brings both challenges and opportunities to crop-livestock integrated production system (crop-livestock system) in smallholder economy. Compared with previous researches that have paid major attention to the effect of labor migration on either crop production or livestock husbandry, this study considers the mediating role of crop production in predicting the effect of labor migration on livestock raising. Our econometric estimation based on a 2012 survey of 974 rural households in Chongqing, a mountainous region of China, showed the following. (1) The massive migration of rural labor force had led to significant increase in farmland abandonment and considerable changes in the pattern of livestock raising. (2) The livestock raising number per household began to differentiate, with the livestock system separating from the traditional crop-livestock system and becoming a specialized business. (3) In terms of the pathways through which rural labor migration exerts impact on livestock raising number, though the increased opportunity costs of rural labor greatly reduced farmers’ willingness to raise livestock, the decoupling of the crop-livestock system partly alleviated the declining trend in the livestock raising number because of the availability of household labor force freed from cropping via farmland abandonment. These findings have important policy implications for rural development and agricultural restructuring in mountainous areas of China, and provide references for other developing countries.